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Too Much Sunshine Darkening Your Outlook? Here are 3 Best Cures for Summer Hyperpigmentation

  • Writer: Swarna Karmakar
    Swarna Karmakar
  • Sep 19, 2024
  • 17 min read

hyperpigmentation example

Don’t be Afraid of Dark Spots and Patches in Summer

Getting dark patches or spots on the skin in summer is quite common, especially in hot countries like India. This is generally known as hyperpigmentation, and it has hurt a lot of self-awareness. When left unattended, it can not only damage your ego but also turn into something really nasty. 


Managing hyperpigmentation in summer, or to remove it permanently is no easy task. With simpler cases it may be as simple as using sunscreen creams regularly, but in worse cases it may require serious medication to even skin surgery. What actually does work best to cure hyperpigmentation? 


Turns out, the challenge of managing hyperpigmentation is multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of factors including UV radiation, genetics, hormones, and inflammation. While the summer sun can exacerbate this condition, it also brings renewed focus on skin care and protection. Recent advancements in dermatology and cosmetic science have opened up new avenues for addressing hyperpigmentation, offering hope to those seeking clearer, more even-toned skin.


Let us explore the matter in detail. 



people on beach with hyperpigmentation


The Science of Hyperpigmentation

What is Hyperpigmentation

There is a natural color of your skin that you were born with. Hyperpigmentation occurs when some portions of your skin, in patches or spots, get darker or change color. These occur mostly on those parts of your body that are daily exposed to nature, like the face, neck, chest, topsides of arms and hands, and frontside legs. 


These spots or patches may come in various colors depending upon your complexion and the reason for hyperpigmentation — reddish or pink, brown, gray, or tan. In some severe cases, they can even turn purple like a bruise. They generally happen to a limited area of your skin, even coming just in spots — but there are cases where large patches of a body part have turned color. 


Know the word: “Hyper” = more, deeper, stronger “Pigment” = thing that makes color/shade

While hyperpigmented skin does not offer any physical discomfort (if it does feel itchy or peels off, it’s no simple pigmentation issue; please see a dermatologist near you immediately), they are often emotionally distressing for many. Especially people who have firmly linked physical beauty to their identities get alarmed and often run to the nearest skin whitening cream, which is quite unwise. 


There are much more effective and healthier ways to manage hyperpigmentation in summers. Today we shall discuss the best three options to cure dark spots or patches of skin in summers, and then some more. 


What Scientists Say

The science of hyperpigmentation is simple to begin with, but complicates as different factors are thrown in. Here is a general idea about the science behind hyperpigmentation. Please note that as with all sciences, it is a work in progress. 


Melanin: The Skin Painter

Our skin cells generally have no color — they get their color, according to what’s written in your DNA, from a special type of biochemical called Melanin. Melanin is a pigment (call it a colorizing agent) for our skin, hair, and eye cells. They come in two common varieties: Eumelanin (making shades of brown and black), and Pheomelanin (for red and yellow). 


In your skin, the bottom layer has cells called Melanocytes, which produce melanin (this process is called Melanogenesis), and store them in melanosomes and keratinocytes. If these melanosomes are excited for any reason (for example, UV rays), they produce more melanin, which darkens that part of the skin. That is how hyperpigmentation occurs. 


Many Indians have Fitzpatrick skin types III-VI, which means they come with more natural melanin than most other people in the world. Hence we have a darker skin with less chances of sunburn but it tans easily. 


FAQ: Can dark-skinned people get hyperpigmentation?  Yes. Hyperpigmentation occurs equally with all ethnicities. Though sometimes on a dark skin, they may be hard to see initially.

UV Rays in Summer: Chain Reaction

In summer, the sun blasts down a lot of UV (Ultra-violet) rays, which is an invisible light at the far end of the spectrum. Thanks to the ozone layer, much of it gets destroyed in the upper atmosphere; but what remains is enough to cause skin issues in us. 


There are two kinds of UV rays — UVA and UVB, doing different kinds of damage to our exposed body cells. UVA penetrates deep, damaging cell nucleus and DNA material, increasing the chance of cancer. UVB gets absorbed in the upper layer, but burns the cells that take it. Yes, you guessed it — that’s sunburn.


When keratinocytes sense UV rays are damaging them, they get excited (naturally!) and release a kind of chemical called cytokines, which in turn triggers the melanocytes to make more melanin. Why? Because melanin is not only a coloring chemical, but is also a great absorber of UV rays, and protects exposed cells. 


What actually happens is that cytokines excite the melanocytes to generate more tyrosinase, an enzyme that is the key ingredient in making melanin. As the cell gets rich in tyrosinase, it happily churns out more melanin. This spreads to the surrounding keratinocytes, making that spot darker. 


In summer, you get exposed to a lot of UV rays, both kinds. The exposed part of your skin gets richer in melanin (of which kind, depends upon a lot of factors, starting with your genes), and you get tanned. But with prolonged exposure and unhealthy skin (partially thanks to our messed-up air quality), some parts of the skin produce more melanin than was actually needed. This is exactly what hyperpigmentation is. 


how hyperpigmentation occurs, hyperpigmentation in summer
Infographics - How hyperpigmentation occurs in sunlight. Source: onlinelibrary.wiley.com
FAQ: Is getting a tan hyperpigmentation?  No. A natural tan thanks to sunlight is temporary and will fade off soon. Hyperpigmentation is much more stubborn and does not wear off unless treated. They are also different in appearance; your whole exposed organ gets tanned wherever sun-kissed, while hyperpigmentation comes in patches or spots. 

Melasma

There is another quite common kind of hyperpigmentation we find unrelated to sunshine. Sometimes (mostly pregnant women or adolescents) find some parts of their skin (mostly in the face) getting brown or blue-gray patches. This is Melasma. It happens due to overproduced hormones and are generally harmless and temporary. Just a side effect of the changing body. 


Managing Hyperpigmentation in Summer

From what you read above as the root cause of hyperpigmentation, it’s not hard to infer the basic battle plan to fight it. You have three ways to go — 

  1. Hide from the sun, 

  2. Clear out the cytokines or tyrosinase in the spotted skin, 

  3. Or reduce producing them altogether, somehow. 


Let’s find out the details of how to prevent hyperpigmentation in summer. 


Sun Protection

This one is easy. Is the sun damaging your exposed skin? Then don’t expose it to the sun! Using umbrellas, all-covering clothes, staying in the shade, etc. are all no-brainers. 


Sunscreens

But sometimes you’ve got no choice. How will you get things done if you don’t get out there? And an umbrella or covering clothes are not always easy to handle — especially in our crowded, hot, busy cities.


In that case, take the help of science. You must have heard of sunscreens, right? They are crucial in blocking or absorbing UV rays, so your skin doesn’t have to. Sunscreens generally come in two types (or a blend of both): 

  • Chemical sunscreens: they absorb the UV rays and convert them to heat. The active ingredients in these sunscreen creams or lotions can be Avobenzone, Octocrylene, Homosalate, Octisalate, Octinoxate, Oxybenzone, etc. 

  • Physical or Mineral sunscreens: these scatter or reflect the UV rays away from your skin, instead of absorbing them. They are a bit rarer and can contain substances like Zinc oxide or Titanium dioxide. 


With either type of product, for the Indian climate, you need to choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen that can block both UVA and UVB rays. This would not let the UV rays reach the keratinocytes, and therefore there would be no signal going to the melanocytes. 


Some sunscreens also contain antioxidants, which can help neutralize free radicals in the skin cells generated by UV rays, which trigger various complications. We’ll talk about antioxidants soon; for now, just note that it’s good to have a dose of them in your sunscreen. 


Strength of Sunscreens

You can’t fight the angry Indian sun with just any random sunscreen cream off the shelf, you need something specific. Sunscreens come in various strengths, measured in two different scales:

  • SPF scale: the Sun Protection Factor measures the time your skin can withstand UVB rays before you get sunburn. It goes from 2 to 50+. In this climate, you’ll need SPF 30 to 40, or 50+ in heat waves. 

  • PA scale: Protection grade against UVA — this denotes how much damage mitigation the ointment can do against UVA rays which cause DNA damage and skin cancer. Ranging from PA+ to PA++++, you’d be wise to get the highest grade available in India; especially when you start aging. 


Note that sunscreens do not last long — they aren’t apply-and-forget solutions like many other cosmetics. Especially if you’re sweating (which you very much will be, under the Indian sun), you must cover the affected areas repeatedly every 2-3 hours. Sooner, if you have a habit of using the handkerchief frequently. Do remember to rub off the old layer of sunscreen before applying a new one. 


FAQ: Which kind of sunscreen do I need to buy to prevent hyperpigmentation in summer? For our country? Get the strongest. Start from SPF 30 and PA+++, and go up as the heat goes up. 

Dieting Against Melanin

Foods for Hyperpigmentation

“Eat healthy, stay healthy.” The age-old proverb is yet again applicable in preventing hyperpigmentation. Your skin gets support from various nutritional elements in foods, such as:

  • Antioxidants: combats free radicals caused by UV rays and thus prevents skin complications. Found commonly in berries, citrus, or leafy foods. Amla and pomegranate are particularly rich in antioxidants. 

    • One particularly powerful antioxidant is Lycopene, which you can source from tomatoes, papaya, and watermelons. Be aware of your uric acid levels, though!

  • Vitamin C: Inhibits melanin production and acts as an antioxidant. Found richly in oranges, lemons, guavas, and bell peppers. 

  • Vitamin E: Food for good skin cell health. Found in almonds, sunflower seeds, avocados, etc. 

  • Vitamin A: Found in the form of beta-carotene and acts as a skin cell production regulatory agent. Get some carrots, sweet potatoes, and mangoes for it. 

  • Omega-3 fatty acids: Do the dark spots feel itchy or hot? Eat fatty big fishes, walnuts, or flaxseeds, they can reduce inflammation. Make sure you do your exercises to burn off all those calories, though. 

  • Polyphenols: Repairs UV-induced skin damage. Hard to find. Good quality real green teas have a lot of polyphenols, especially EGCG, that’s good for this purpose. 

  • Zinc is also good for healing damaged skin and you can get it from pumpkin seeds, lentils, and chickpeas. 


With these, using some common sense like drinking plenty of water (so that your body does not get dry in the sun), and eating body-cooling foods (that make us sweat less) like cucumber and yogurt, work wonderfully. 


We should also mention that foods with a high glycemic index (that is, food with more sweetness or carbohydrates), the kind that doctors tell you never to eat if you have high blood sugar, are a direct threat to hyperpigmentation. Because extra glucose in the blood promotes melanogenesis. 


As always, please make sure you know what you are doing before starting any dieting regimen. An unbalanced diet will cause more problems than it’s worth; for example, if you have high blood sugar, you cannot eat many of those foods mentioned above.  Therefore, it is always wise to seek advice from a local nutritionist to figure out the best diet for hyperpigmentation. 


vitamin c supplements for hyperpigmentation

Supplements for Hyperpigmentation

In our modern hectic lifestyle, maintaining a targeted diet is often a non-option for many of us. In that case, you can try to shore up your body’s nutritional shortcomings using some supplements, which are not food, but concentrated extracts that contain particular ingredients that your body needs. 


Supplements that work towards preventing and curing hyperpigmentation come in many forms, such as:

  • Vitamin C: antioxidant and slows melanogenesis. Recommended daily dosage 500-1000 mg. 

  • Vitamin E: works side-by-side with above, and protects against UV damage. Recommended daily dosage 400 IU. 

  • Vitamin B3: Available as niacinamide, improves skin barrier function. Recommended daily dosage 500-750 mg. 

  • Omega-3 Fatty Acids: anti-inflammatory agent. Recommended daily dosage 1000-2000 mg. 

  • Grape seed extract: natural antioxidant. Recommended daily dosage 100-300 mg.

  • Glutathione: Powerful antioxidant, can lighten skin tone in some cases. Recommended daily dosage 200-500 mg.

  • Astaxanthin: Powerful antioxidant. Recommended daily dosage 4-12 mg. 

  • Lycopene: Powerful antioxidant. Recommended daily dosage 10-30 mg. 

  • Polypodium leucotomos: oral sunscreen. Recommended daily dosage 240-480 mg. 

  • Green tea extract: rich in polyphenols that protect against UV damage. Recommended daily dosage 250-500 mg. 



WARNING
The amounts given here are not equivalent to a doctor’s advice! They are generic ideas about how much a person may need in common if they have deficiency. Do NOT consume without knowing your requirement. Always consult a doctor before buying OTC supplements for skin.

Of course, it goes without saying that supplements can never replace a healthy diet and lifestyle, and are intended to work alongside topical remedies instead of replacing them. 


Do note that using supplements can often result in disaster if you don’t know what you’re doing. Make sure you understand exactly what your body needs and what it doesn’t. Just as the lack of nutrition is a bad thing, an excess of any nutritional element can cause painful complications. 


Not only that, many supplements have side effects (that vary from person-to-person), or can react with other stuff you’re taking, making your life more difficult than it already was. 


It’s always better to clear any doubts by consulting your nearby dermatologist or nutritionist. 


Topical Treatments

Moving on from preventive measures, let’s talk about what to do when you already have hyperpigmentation, and want to remove it. When the skin is behaving erratically, sterner solutions are required, no half-measure will work. 


Topical agents are ointments and lotions that you can apply on the dark patch or spots on your skin. They contain special ingredients that work against melanogenesis and/or repair damaged skin. Some of them may even brighten the skin in the area. 


woman applying cream for hyperpigmentation

Chemical Exfoliants

Unlike physical exfoliants that mechanically remove dead skin cells, chemical exfoliants use various active ingredients to dissolve the bonds between cells, allowing for a more uniform and controlled exfoliation process. 


Chemical exfoliants play a crucial role in the treatment of hyperpigmentation, offering a range of mechanisms to address this common skin concern. These topical agents work by promoting cell turnover, inhibiting melanin production, and enhancing the skin's ability to shed pigmented cells.


According to many studies conducted by many skin care companies and dermatological researchers, the following are the best chemical exfoliants for hyperpigmentation. 

  • Hydroquinone:

    • Considered the gold standard for hyperpigmentation treatment

    • Inhibits tyrosinase to interfere with melanin synthesis

    • Available in strengths up to 4%

  • Arbutin:

    • A derivative of hydroquinone with fewer melano-toxic effects

    • Inhibits tyrosinase and melanosome maturation

    • Dose-dependent, but high concentrations may cause paradoxical hyperpigmentation

  • Glycolic acid:

    • An alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) extracted from sugarcane

    • Concentration-dependent effects:

    • Lower concentrations: Causes desquamation of keratinocytes

    • Higher concentrations: Produces epidermolysis

  • Kojic acid:

    • Inhibits tyrosinase, particularly its catecholase activity

    • May form interleukin-6 protein in keratinocytes, contributing to its effects

    • Potential side effect: Contact dermatitis

  • Retinoids (Vitamin A derivatives):

    • Affect cell proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation

    • Inhibit melanogenesis induced by melanocyte-stimulating hormone or L-tyrosine

      • Tretinoin: Effective against photoaging-related hyperpigmentation

      • Adapalene and tazarotene: Found safe and effective for PIH

  • Azelaic acid:

    • Inhibits tyrosinase

    • Produces direct anti-proliferative effect on melanogenesis

    • Does not affect normal melanocytes or cause ochronosis

  • Niacinamide (Vitamin B3):

    • Inhibits melanosome transfer to keratinocytes

    • Disrupts cell-signaling between melanocytes and keratinocytes

    • Does not inhibit tyrosinase or cell proliferation


A note on using chemical exfoliants:

It is rare that a single of those biochemicals would work a miracle. More often than not, OTC products, or even prescription drugs for hyperpigmentation, contain a combination of some of these chems. For example, the triple-punch of hydroquinone, tretinoin, and a corticosteroid is noted as particularly effective for various hyperpigmentation conditions such as summertime dark patches and skin blemishes.


medicines for hyperpigmentation


Tyrosinase Inhibitors

As mentioned above, tyrosinase is the enzyme that creates melanin. When a melanocyte has excess tyrosinase, it will darken the skin area around it. So, preventing or destroying excess tyrosinase is a good strategy in curing hyperpigmentation. 


Some of the medical components that are the best tyrosinase inhibitors are:

  1. Kojic acid:

    • Chelates copper, which is essential for tyrosinase activity

    • Inhibits the catecholase activity of tyrosinase

    • May also induce interleukin-6 production, contributing to its depigmenting effect

  2. Arbutin (especially alpha-arbutin):

    • A natural derivative of hydroquinone

    • Inhibits tyrosinase activity and melanosome maturation

    • Less irritating than hydroquinone

  3. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid):

    • Interacts with copper ions at tyrosinase's active site

    • Acts as an antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress that can trigger melanin production

    • May help fade existing dark spots by inhibiting melanin formation

  4. Niacinamide (Vitamin B3):

    • Interferes with melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes

    • Disrupts cell signaling between melanocytes and keratinocytes

    • Does not directly inhibit tyrosinase but reduces overall melanin in skin cells

  5. Licorice extract (glabridin):

    • Inhibits tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis

    • Has anti-inflammatory properties, which can help prevent post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation

  6. Ellagic acid:

    • Inhibits tyrosinase and reduces melanin production

    • Acts as an antioxidant, protecting skin from UV-induced damage

  7. Azelaic acid:

    • Inhibits tyrosinase and has anti-proliferative effects on melanocytes

    • Selectively targets abnormal melanocytes, sparing normal skin pigmentation

  8. Mulberry extract:

    • Contains compounds that inhibit tyrosinase activity

    • May also have antioxidant properties

  9. Tranexamic acid:

    • Interferes with the interaction between melanocytes and keratinocytes

    • Inhibits plasmin, which is involved in melanin synthesis

  10. Hydroquinone:

    • Directly inhibits tyrosinase activity

    • May also interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis in melanocytes

    • Considered highly effective but has potential side effects and is controversial

  11. Vitamin E:

    • Acts as an antioxidant, protecting skin from UV-induced damage

    • May help fade dark spots by reducing melanin production

  12. Retinoids (e.g., tretinoin):

    • Increase cell turnover, helping to shed pigmented cells faster

    • May inhibit tyrosinase transcription

  13. Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) like glycolic acid:

    • Exfoliate the skin, removing pigmented surface cells

    • May help other ingredients penetrate more effectively

  14. Soy extract:

    • Contains compounds that inhibit melanosome transfer to keratinocytes

    • Has antioxidant properties


As stated before, a combination of these work better than any single tyrosinase inhibitor. What’s more, not all of these may work on every kind of pigmentation issue — there are specific keys to particular locks. You have to consult an expert and get tests done to really know which one would actually work for you. 


Antioxidants 

Several studies have explored the effects of antioxidants on hyperpigmentation. Antioxidants can help in treating hyperpigmentation by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress, and in some cases, directly interfering with melanin production.


Here's a list of antioxidants known to be effective against hyperpigmentation:


  1. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Inhibits tyrosinase, reduces oxidized melanin, promotes collagen production, improving overall skin health.

  2. Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Protects against UV-induced damage, works synergistically with Vitamin C, and may help in fading dark spots over time. 

  3. Vitamin B3 (Niacinamide): Interferes with melanosome transfer, has anti-inflammatory properties, and improves skin barrier function. 

  4. Glutathione: Inhibits tyrosinase, shifts melanin production from eumelanin to pheomelanin, and has overall skin-lightening effects. 

  5. Resveratrol: Inhibits tyrosinase, has anti-inflammatory properties, and protects against oxidative stress. 

  6. Licorice Extract: Contains glabridin, which inhibits tyrosinase. Has anti-inflammatory properties. 

  7. Coenzyme Q10: Protects against UV-induced damage, and supports overall skin health and repair. 

  8. Alpha-Lipoic Acid: Universal antioxidant (works in both water and fat-soluble parts of cells), may help reduce the appearance of dark spots. 

  9. Polypodium Leucotomos Extract: Protects against UV-induced damage, and has anti-inflammatory properties. 


WARNING
While some of these chemicals mentioned above are found in OTC products available in many shops, please do not take them without thoroughly knowling their effects, side effects, interactions with other meds you’re taking, and possible altercations with your body’s specific condition. When used wrongly, they are liable to cause great damage. Do not invite trouble just to look nice — consult your closest dermatologist before consuming any of these. 

Medical Treatment of Hyperpigmentation

Sometimes diseases and conditions go just too bad, and all other treatments prove ineffective. That’s the time you have to call the surgeon, because at that phase there is little choice left but to get in there and clean out the bad stuff by hand. Terrifying as it may sound, it’s this option that many celebrities go through willingly, that gives them those heavenly graces. 


hyperpigmentation medical treatment

The medical procedures of curing hyperpigmentation permanently vary a lot, and the science behind them is still highly exploratory. Here are the most common medical treatments for chronic hyperpigmentation. 

  1. Chemical Peels: the most popular and probably the safest option, in this, they apply chemical solutions to corrode off the damaged and darkened layer of skin. It also includes treatment of growing new, healthy skin. It can work on just the outer layer of the skin, or go deep to change a lot. 

  2. Laser Therapy: There are various kinds of lasers (e.g., Q-switched lasers, fractional lasers) that can physically break down stubborn, accumulated melanin inside skin cells (or destroy them altogether; at that point the cells are little more than melanin containers anyway). Then the body can naturally eat up the debris — or the doctor can apply something topical to expedite the process. 

  3. IPL Therapy: Intense Pulsed Lights work the same way as lasers, but they are less intense and cause little collateral damage. But they are also less effective. When you have very sensitive skin, but must get the darkness out quickly and permanently anyway, choose this option. It will also stimulate collagen production which is good for the skin cell rebuilding, and eat up your wallet in the process. 

  4. Microdermabrasion: It’s exfoliation done by hand. Well, by a machine, to be exact. The doctor will combine this with other treatments. 

  5. Cryotherapy: Sounds sci-fi? It kind of is. Uses extreme cold to clean up the garbage inside the damaged skin. Best used in micro doses and areas. 

  6. Microneedling: A unique way of handling hyperpigmentation. It creates micro-injuries in the dark patches, which promotes collagen production, which in turn heals the affected area. Also needs topical solutions afterward. 

  7. Radiofrequency Treatment: Sort of like microwaving the damage zone, it uses heat to promote collagen production and thus heal the skin. It can work on many issues besides hyperpigmentation, for example, in improving overall skin health and deleting age marks. 

  8. Photodynamic Therapy: Another supposedly revolutionary treatment for hyperpigmentation, this uses photo-sensitive chemicals that can eat melanin-box cells when activated. Those chems are injected into the skin, and then the correct kind of light triggers them. Its advantage is that the doctor can use this to target very specific areas of the skin, almost working like an artist. It does stimulate the imagination, doesn’t it? Do note that these chemicals generally don’t play nice with the body, and it’s a real headache to get them out after the job is done.


Conclusion

Managing hyperpigmentation in summers in a hot country like India is the type of challenge no single approach can solve alone. It requires a comprehensive and multi-faceted strategy that combines avoidance of UV rays from the sun, protection from them, a good intake of necessary nutrients, and if required, chemical and/or medical treatments. 


Do note that while many of the procedures and ingredients show promise, according to the scientific studies done about them, their efficacy varies greatly from case to case. As melanin production is such a heavily-gene-dependent mechanism of the body, the biggest factor in handling pigmentation in summer — is you. 


That’s why treating hyperpigmentation is such a complex and personal issue. It’s a lie to say that there exist any one-size-fits-all pants for this issue, as many advertisers would very much like to pretend. There isn't, not as far as medical science is concerned. Only an experienced dermatologist can diagnose the precise issue with your skin, and can suggest particularly what would fix that. 


On top of that, the field of skin science is rapidly evolving and is very dynamic in nature, thanks to all the racial differences in skin composition. The work continues to develop new elements that unlock hitherto unexplored, or even unthought-of, solutions and gateways. As our understanding of skin biology (melanogenesis in particular) grows, we shall become aware of more targeted and/or generalized solutions. 


At the end of the day, hyperpigmentation is an issue that requires patience, understanding, and a holistic nature of approach, to get the best results. Some people have simple issues that just an ointment can whisk out. Some others have issues that disfigure them permanently and can even lead to skin cancer. Ultimately, leveraging the latest knowledge in skin science and understanding how to combine them is the key to unlocking a truly natural, radiant complexion, in any ethnicity. 


For how long have you had hyperpigmentation?

  • Less than a month

  • Two to five months

  • Over six months

  • Years!


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Author: Swarna Karmakar
Date: 16 July 2024
Word Count: 4509
Readability: 41.7
Plagiarism/AI: 0%

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